In this mini-lab you will gain practice with the techniques of mirroring and adding sounds and working with python lists.
copySoundInto
function. Fill in the following code
skeleton to create function that combines two sounds end to end.
def appendSound(sound1, sound2): # Make an empty sound long enough to contain both source sounds. # Copy sound1 into the beginning of the new sound using copySoundInto. # Copy sound2 into the end of the new sound using copySoundInto. # Return the new sound.
reverse
function. We could
write an algorithm that mirrors the first half of a sound over the
second half of a sound, or vice versa. In this exercise, we will write a
function that will create a new sound that is twice the length of the
original sound. The new sound will have the original sound in the
first half, and the reverse of the original sound in the second half.
This can be accomplished by creating a reversed copy of our original
sound, and appending it to the original sound using
the appendSound
function.
Fill in the missing sections of code below. Use the
reverse
function from Lab 6.
# Mirror entire sound (new sound is original sound # followed by backwards original sound) def mirrorEntireSound(sound): # Reverse the original sound # Append sound and reverseSound # Return the mirrored sound
# Add sound1 to sound2 # return the resulting sound def addSounds(sound1, sound2): if getSamplingRate(sound1) != getSamplingRate(sound2): print "Error! Sounds must have the same sampling rate." return # Determine which sound has minimum length # Create a new sound of that length for index in range( ): # Get the appropriate sample values from each sound # Add the sample values together # Set the sample value at this index in newSound to be the new value
addSounds
function you wrote above will probably work
fine most of the time, but if two loud sounds are added together, the
resulting sound could suffer from clipping. One way around this is to
store the summed sample values into a python list of numbers rather
than directly into the sound. (A python list can store much larger
numbers than can be stored in sound samples.) We can then check the
summed values to see if any are above the maximum allowed for sounds:
32767. If there are, the list of numbers can be normalized, and the
resulting list can be converted back into a sound. In this case, we
are using normalization not to create the loudest sound possible, but
to ensure that the sound is no louder than it should be.
addSoundsNoClipping
function below by following the
comments that ask you to fill in or complete some lines of code.
Two helper functions are provided: listToSound
which creates a sound
object from a list of numbers, and normalizeList
which
rescales a list of numbers so that it has the desired maximum value.
#----------------------------- #Takes a python list of numbers, and a sampling rate #and returns a sound object. #----------------------------- def listToSound(list, samplingRate): newSound = makeEmptySound(len(list), int(samplingRate)) for pos in range(getNumSamples(newSound)): setSampleValueAt(newSound, pos, list[pos]) return newSound #----------------------------- #Normalizes a list of numbers so that the maximum value #in the list will be newMax. #THIS FUNCTION DOES NOT RETURN ANYTHING. IT CHANGES THE #LIST THAT IS PASSED IN AS A PARAMETER. #----------------------------- def normalizeList(list, newMax): oldMax = max(list) for pos in range(len(list)): list[pos] = list[pos] * newMax/oldMax #----------------------------- #Add two sounds together, rescaling the resulting sound if necessary #to avoid clipping. #----------------------------- def addSoundsNoClipping(sound1, sound2): if getSamplingRate(sound1) != getSamplingRate(sound2): print "Error! Sounds must have the same sampling rate." return minLength = min(getNumSamples(sound1), getNumSamples(sound2)) newSoundList = [0.0] * minLength #Now add the two sounds together, placing the result in newSoundList for pos in range(minLength): #ADD CODE HERE TO SUM UP THE SOUNDS maxVal = max(newSoundList) #calculate the maximum sample value #ADD CODE TO COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING THREE STEPS... #If maxVal> 32767, there has been clipping, normalize the sound. #Use listToSound to create the final sound from newSoundList. #Return the resulting sound.
addSounds
and addSoundsNoClipping
, can you hear a difference in the result?